Land consolidation,customary lands,and Ghana's Northern Savannah Ecological Zone: An evaluation of the possibilities and pitfalls

Land fragmentation has been identified to greatly undermine crop production in many countries. In the case of Ghana’s customary tenure system, household farmlands are relatively small and are highly fragmented. Recent agricultural drives, however, have focused on farm level interventions that are ad hoc with short-term benefits. A sustainable long-term application of land consolidation which reorganises farmlands may improve yields, reduce the cost of production and improve the incomes of farmers. The successful implementation of land consolidation depends greatly on the suitability of local conditions with respect to land tenure and land use. However, in Ghana’s customary lands, the alignment between the requirements for land consolidation and existing conditions remains unexplored. This study investigated the feasibility of land consolidation within the customary tenure by juxtaposing the local conditions of the study areas with the baseline conditions for land consolidation outlined in literature. Using both qualitative and spatial data, the study revealed some traits of convergence and divergence with respect to the baseline conditions in the study areas. For example, conditions such as the existence of land fragmentation, suitable topography and soil distribution were fully met. Conditions such as the existence of a land bank, technical expertise, and infrastructure and supportive legal frameworks were partially met. The remaining conditions such as the willingness to participate, availability of a land information system and favorable land ownership structure were non-existent. The circumstances surrounding these unmet conditions are deeply embedded in customs and traditions that hardly yield to change. Since these conditions are fundamental for land consolidation, their absence negates the feasibility of land consolidation under the current tenure system of the study areas.     

国际生产分割视角下的中国双边贸易平衡--以东亚经济体为例

为了解释中国近年来对东亚经济体贸易逆差持续地增加的现象,文章在国际生产分割背景下,分别基于总体、国家（地区）和行业视角,对1992—2012年中国与东亚8个经济体间的零部件贸易面板数据进行实证分析。结果表明：中国作为东亚国际生产网络中的枢纽,从日韩等东亚经济体进口零部件会显著扩大中国对东亚经济体的贸易逆差,其中以ICT行业最为典型;生产分割效应弱化了汇率对双边贸易平衡的影响。只要中国在国际生产分割中所扮演的角色不变,中国对外贸易总体顺差和区域性逆差的局面将会持续存在。     

Vertical Specialization and Trade Growth in Northeast Asia

As the global economy has become further integrated, the international production chain has become more sophisticated, with diversified stages of production located in different countries. Economic theorists have argued that the fragmentation of the global production chain is partly attributable to the high growth in international trade over the past several decades. In this study, we examine vertical specialization in China, Japan and Korea, and its contribution to these nations' trade. Using a multilevel model, it is illustrated that vertical specialization has encouraged increases in trade among all three countries. In particular, China's outcome is remarkable considering how recently it became a member of the WTO.     

Towards sustainable rural development in Central and Eastern Europe: Applying land consolidation

Over the past twenty years, social and economic decline in rural areas has intensified in the Central and Eastern European countries. A precondition for the reversal of this decline is the implementation of new policies in relation to the fundamentals of land ownership and management. In addition to addressing the problems of land ownership fragmentation, these should include measures to improve agricultural production and employment, taxation policy, and legislation to protect land ownership rights, within the context of acknowledging environmental and sustainability considerations. In Europe, the requirement for readjusting unfavourable land fragmentation and promoting the appropriate use of land combining with positive environmental solutions is expected to create new sustainable land management systems. The consolidation of land ownerships may be an effective and active land management instrument which not only addresses the problems of land fragmentation, but also, if applied sensitively, may be an instrument for delivering sustainable rural development in a wider context. The aim of this research is to investigate land consolidation as an essential tool to create sustainable rural areas in Lithuania.     

分宜县土地细碎化的中观尺度研究

研究目的:借鉴土地格局领域的研究思路,在中观尺度上研究土地细碎化,以期在研究方法、数据获取等方面寻求突破,并利用2004年分宜县遥感影像解译的土地利用矢量对10个乡镇土地利用细碎化进行研究。研究方法:文献资料法,景观格局指数法,聚类分析法。研究结果:在中观尺度上研究土地细碎化问题,得到与微观尺度研究截然不同的结论——低山区土地细碎化程度最低,其次是平原区,而丘陵区的土地破碎化程度最高。研究结论:分宜县各乡镇土地利用细碎度指标的聚类结果空间分布规律特征十分显著。     

超声波测量的新研究

超声波测量技术在材料特性领域中占有重要地位,因为它是状态的非破坏性和对各种材料的弹性性能的评价手段。随着计算机电子技术的突飞猛进,超声波测量速度和精度上有了很大的进步,在更大的范围内得到了新的应用。本文以超声波波谱、超声波摄像和延迟线振荡器构成传感器为例进行研究,争取有新的突破。     

经济地理与外资企业的区位选择

本文利用2004～2008年我国546类制造行业的省级面板数据,从新经济地理学的视角,研究了外资企业进入中国各省市区的决定因素。结果表明,各地的市场潜力、贸易成本、地理位置等新经济地理的因素对现阶段外资企业的区位选择有显著的影响,而传统FDI理论所关注的因素如工资成本、优惠政策等对外资企业的区位选择影响不显著。另外,本文还发现了各地区间还普遍存在着不同程度的市场分割现象,这会阻碍外资企业和FDI在省际的自由流动。这些结论对我国各地区今后有针对性地实施吸引外资企业和FDI的政策有一定借鉴意义。     

简易智能加湿器设计

介绍一种以SPCE061A单片机为核心的湿度控制系统,实现对空气湿度的自动检测及显示。用湿度传感器采集空气中的湿度信号。被采集的模拟信号通过A/D转换后再根据传感器的湿度阻值曲线计算湿度值,并将其显示在数码管上。     

Investigation of the “China effect” on crowding out of Japanese FDI: An industry-level analysis (1990–2004)

This paper applies a dynamic panel model to investigate whether China is crowding out Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) from other economies of Asia. We examined this with industry-level data on Japanese FDI flows into Asian economies. In order to deal with possible problems of serial correlation and endogeneity, we estimated coefficients using a difference and system generalized method of moments to examine the “China effect” on industries. We found a significantly high degree of crowding out effect by China on its Asian counterparts. Among twelve industries, a crowding out effect was found in nine industries, including electrical &; electronics—the biggest industry for Japanese FDI. However, a complementary effect was found in two industries, one of them being transport, which is the second biggest industry for Japanese FDI. We conclude that while China's rise is a prominent threat for the region, it could be transformed into an opportunity in vertically fragmented industries.     

超声波手术器械清洗技术研究与应用

超声波清洗技术是利用超声波发生器和换能器产生的空化效应对物体进行清洗,可以有效解决手术器械中器械关节、管腔内壁等不方便用毛刷刷洗部位的清洗问题。利用超声波清洗这一特点,结合先进的机、光、液、声、电一体化技术,研发出全自动超声波手术器械清洗机,经医院临床实际应用,较好地解决了手术器械清洗难题。